https://mashable.com/article/moon-caves-pits-shelter-astronauts
https://www.independent.co.uk/space/moon-tunnel-lunar-surface-cave-tube-b2580102.html
https://www.wired.com/story/moon-tunnels-caves-astronauts-moon-colony/
News & popular culture & observing various ideas & Sci-Fi concepts that become a technological reality. What is reality in general? Some say that it's all part of a cosmic simulation.
Its an old and a new thing, depending upon where one looks.
https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2023/oct/25/inside-ring-new-details-chinas-underground-nuclear/
https://nypost.com/2020/08/05/inside-chinas-underground-doomsday-city-dubbed-the-dungeon/
https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/21282
Mel-Vic
https://www.transurban.com/roads-and-projects/melbourne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_Tunnel , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Tunnel
Montreal might have the closest thing in Canada for what Melbourne has. However, Montreal hasn't allowed to have any 100 story buildings like Melbourne, NYC & Chicago have.
https://www.westconnex.com.au/roads-projects/
https://www.transurban.com/roads-and-projects/sydney
https://www.transurban.com/roads-and-projects/sydney#crosscitytunnel
https://www.transurban.com/roads-and-projects/sydney#lanecovetunnel
https://www.transurban.com/roads-and-projects/brisbane
https://www.transurban.com/roads-and-projects/brisbane#gatewaymotorway The duplication of an already resonably wide bride has made for an impressive 12 lane crossing. One would be hard-pressed to find such a scale of bridge engineering in Canada, especially in BC.
Despite Australia having a smaller population than Canada, Australia has allowed for larger infrastructure, in some respects.
Of course if the cost of gas & EVs, along with the overall cost of living remains high, then more people will be forced to live in the 15-30_minute_city. It can be great in some ways, but many people would still prefer to work or shop in another part of town. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city#Societal_effects
Humans in this new AI run world might have to acquire permission to drive on some days. Even just to go to the beach or shop...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_implant_(human)#Criticisms_and_concerns
If people aren't carful, the world might become quite an inhuman place, but very machine compatible.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_implant_(human)#Risk_to_human_freedom_and_autonomy
https://bridgemastersinc.com/record-setting-bridges-across-the-globe
https://www.axiomint.com/built-wide-bridge-across-the-great-divide
Cairo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_El_Farag_Axis_Bridge Has 12 lanes. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/6/egypts-new-bridge-becomes-the-widest-cable-stayed-bridge-580736
Brisbane: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Leo_Hielscher_Bridges They provide a 12 lane crossing.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge It has 14 lanes. https://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/en/george-washington-bridge/history.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrazzano-Narrows_Bridge It has 13 lanes. https://www.nydailynews.com/2015/10/06/bike-lanes-eyed-in-400m-overhaul-of-verrazano-bridge/
Since the early 1970s, the 10 lane San_Francisco-Oakland_Bay_Bridge is augmented in a way, by the Transbay_Tube. Indeed, 10 car BART trains cross the San_Francisco_Bay. Unfortunately, the BART tube wasn't designed to have a provision for a 3rd or 4th set of train tracks, so capacity is limited.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_span_replacement_of_the_San_Francisco-Oakland_Bay_Bridge Unfortunately, the Bay Bridge doesn't have anything like Sydney_Harbour_Bridge_cycleway as of yet.
The Sydney_Harbour_Bridge has 8 lanes and 2 tracks of the North_Shore_railway_line. The Harbour Bridge is augmented by the 4 lane Sydney_Harbour_Tunnel. On the other side of the Harbour Bridge is the Sydney_Metro-tunnel , https://www.sydneymetro.info/article/history-under-sydney-harbour , https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/media/documents/2017/tbm-fatcheet.PDF , https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-21/sydney-metro-train-travels-under-harbour/102252872 , https://www.9news.com.au/national/sydney-news-train-goes-under-harbor-bridge-for-the-first-time-in-test/92d0ef56-3032-4416-a653-5b7c67dba002
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Gate_Bridge Has 10 lanes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Bridge,_Glasgow Has 10 lanes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzac_Bridge Has 8 lanes.
The new Port_Mann_Bridge in Canada was the widest for a little while. However, the bridge should have also had 2 rapidbus lanes and a provision for 2 rail rapid transit tracks. https://www.itsinternational.com/its1/feature/widest-bridge-world-port-mann-open-vancouver
The George_Massey_Tunnel was built to classic backward BC standards with only 4 lanes and no bus lanes and no breakdown lanes. While its replacement will have 8 lanes, there is no provision for rapid_transit. No emergency lanes and no provision for extra HOV & bus lanes. https://biv.com/article/2023/06/bc-starts-bid-process-41b-massey-traffic-tunnel
These 3 fine crossings were possible, simply because they aren't under any Vancouver, BC type restrictions and limitations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrows_Bridge_(Perth) ,WA: Has 10 lanes and 2 train tracks.
Seattle, WA: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90_floating_bridges An 8 lane crossing with 2 train tracks.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlain_Bridge_(Montreal,_2019-present), Quebec: It has 8 lanes and 2 train tracks. Stubborn BC will likely continue to not follow the examples of WA & Q.
At the other end of the spectrum is the inept, 3 lane Lions_Gate_Bridge. It just might be the best example of bottleneck planning on the planet. The Lions-Gate-Bridge is too narrow and flimsy to accomodate 2 bus lanes, especially any trains. Unlike Sydney, SF & Montreal in the 1930s, Vancouver was just a provincial backwater. Thus, the Lions_Gate_Bridge opened with just 2 lanes. A bridge so narrow that some living rooms and swimming pools are wider than it. The 3rd lane was squeezed in during the early 1950s. The Lions_Gate_Bridge would be fantastic as a bus, bike and pedestrian crossing. However, an 8 lane tunnel with a provision for a train line, should be built from the North_Shore to Georgia_Street. The section of Georgia-Street that's closest to Stanley_Park is 7 lanes wide. However, unlike most major cities, Vancouver deliberately keeps falling behind, because congestive or stunted planning is the way to go.
Fortunately, the Vancouverism mentality didn't stop the Narrows_Bridge_in_Perth or Seattle's upgraded Interstate_90_floating_bridges and especially, the Champlain_Bridge_in_Montreal. (WA & Q)
https://www.washingtonpost.com/transportation/2022/12/22/amtrak-northeast-corridor-route-overhaul
https://www.amtrak.com/regions/northeast.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amtrak_routes#Northeast
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amtrak_routes#Northeast_Corridor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amtrak_routes#West
Pacific Northwest
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amtrak_routes#Cascades_Corridor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak_Cascades#Proposed_changes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_Corridor#Seattle%E2%80%93Vancouver
https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/amtrak-cascades-vancouver-seattle-portland-new-train-airo
https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2022PREM0061-001374 Could backwater BC actually start to eventually build better heavy_rail infrastructure? There really should be at least 4 tracks between Vancouver, BC (V-BC) & Seattle, WA. Two for freight & two for passenger trains.
https://wsdot.wa.gov/construction-planning/search-studies/ultra-high-speed-rail-study
https://www.axios.com/local/seattle/2022/06/10/high-speed-rail-150-million-pacific-northwest
https://crosscut.com/environment/2021/11/dream-high-speed-rail-pnw-may-finally-be-horizon
https://bikeportland.org/2022/12/05/metro-council-will-hear-plan-for-ultra-high-speed-rail-367840
https://www.cascadiarail.org , https://www.amtrak.com/regions/northwest.html
https://www.amtrak.com/routes/cascades-train.html To Vancouver, BC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_(Amtrak_train)
Amtrak & VIA Rail's International Limited https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npL-Fhu2krc
https://www.amtrak.com/routes/maple-leaf-train.html To Toronto
https://www.amtrak.com/routes/adirondack-train.html To Montreal
https://www.clarkcountytoday.com/opinion/opinion-putting-interstate-bridge-misconceptions-to-rest
This is a river crossing that should have been upgraded decades ago. Montreal also had to wait several decades to get their new and improved bridge.
https://www.interstatebridge.org , https://www.interstatebridge.org/about
At least this has been a 6 lane crossing for several decades. In Vancouver, BC, or V-BC, everything is still funneled into an inadequate 3 lane Lion Bridge for the past several decades. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jeNjKZExfE , https://www.youtube.com/c/IBRProgram/videos
https://www.cityofvancouver.us/cmo/page/interstate-bridge-replacement-program It would be total chaos if Portland and Vancouver, WA were forced to just have a 3 lane crossing like V-BC still has. So while the I-5 Bridge that's a few miles north of downtown Portland has 6 lanes, the Lion Bridge north of downtown Vancouver, BC is only 3 lanes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Bridge#First_bridge At least when the first bridge opened, it was set up for trams or streetcars, as well as being a highway bridge. Unfortunately, the rail mode of the bridge only went from 1917 to 1940.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Bridge#Upgrades Then by the 1950s, there was no reason to put in a parallel rail section next to the new bridge.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Bridge#Interstate_Bridge_Replacement_Program_(2019-present) Fortunately, the new Portland & Vancouver, USA bridge, will have a passenger rail component to it. This has already worked out very well on the I-90 Bridge in Seattle & for a new bridge in Montreal.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lions_Gate_Bridge It doesn't matter if it was in the 1930s or in the 2030s, there just was no vision to have a commuter rail component on the LG bridge. With only 3 lanes, it's impossible to have a couple of dedicated bus lanes on it. Of course, no one allowed for the provision of a future extra deck for trams or trains. That's just the Vancouver & BC (V-BC) shortsighted way.https://www.google.com/maps/place/Montreal,+QC/@
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlain_Bridge_(Montreal,_2019-present) This was possible for Montreal, because that city doesn't have a multi-generational thwarting power structure or Gordian_Knot like laws to prevent it. Where as VBC does have such thwarting laws that goes right back to the early decades of the city.
https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/2019/09/oregon-and-washington-well-start-building-a-new-interstate-bridge-by-2025.html Inspite of it being a very slow-going process, Portland & Vancouver, WA will get their version of what Montreal already has. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River_Crossing#Interstate_Bridge_Replacement_Program
Meanwhile, Vancouver, BC will still be stuck with a 3 lane Lion bridge that has no provision for bus lanes & especially no rail transit. If it could have had at least 4 lanes like the St._Johns_Bridge in Portland, then it would have been easier to have a bus & HOV lane each way. https://historicbridges.org/bridges/browser/?bridgebrowser=oregon/stjohnsbridge Any major crossing in an urban area should have at least 4, if not 6 or 8 lanes. Of course some cities even have larger capacity crossings.
https://forbiddenvancouver.ca/blog/lions-gate-bridge-lions-guard There was a time in BC that if you could have 2 waggon roads next to each other, that was a big deal. https://www.insidevancouver.ca/2012/06/12/inside-vancouvers-hidden-past-the-secret-history-of-the-lions-gate-bridge So instead of the Lion Bridge having 6 lanes or at least 4, it was to only have 2 (wagon) lanes. Fortunately, there was just enough extra space to eventually fit in a 3rd lane. However, with no provision for an extra deck, any bus & HOV lanes or rail transit there, just isn't possible. https://placesthatmatter.ca/location/lions-gate-bridge
https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/lions-gate-bridge-close-overnight By now, most real cities would have twinned that crossing, or bypassed it with a 6 to 8 lane tunnel. But this is backwater BC, where you are lucky to even have just a few wagon roads at key crossing points.
https://structurae.net/en/structures/lions-gate-bridge Of course even when the bridge was rebuilt, no additional deck for trains or buses was put in. Most likely, the towers & cables would have had to be substantially reinforced to support an extra deck, so for the sake of aesthetics, the bridge retained its overall slim appearance as a 3 lane choke point or bottle neck.
Any future Inlet rail transit lines will likely be situated much closer towards the Iron Bridge.
https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/north-shore-rapid-transit-bus-rapid-transit-park-royal-metrotown-brt
It's as if a monstrous force has been growing since BC colonial times. This force is like a multigenerational thwarting mindset, generated by all the various interest groups for well over a century. Fortunately, this thwarting collective force hasn't been able to thwart Oregon, Washington State and Alberta to the same extent. All one has to do is look at how much larger the infrastructure is allowed in many other places.
When done correctly, bridges and tunnels can be efficient high volume conduits. Especially by providing various modes of transportation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Portland,_Oregon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_L._Jackson_Memorial_Bridge 8 lanes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont_Bridge_(Portland,_Oregon) 8 lanes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquam_Bridge 8 lanes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Willamette_River
Seattle has had a 12 lane bridge since late 1962. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_Canal_Bridge
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest#Transportation
https://thedigitallabyrinth.blogspot.com/search?q=highways
https://embracesomeplace.com/living-seattle-portland
https://thedigitallabyrinth.blogspot.com/search?q=Montreal